lungs.thecommonvein.netLungs - A Comprehensive Guide

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The Anatomical Units that Create the Whole Lung and The Common Vein The image shows some of the major components of the lung that when bonded create a new and powerful unit – a vital organ. In the center is an example of the airways and parenchyma making up the 2 lungs. At 12 o’clock the tracheo-bronchial tree with segmental and subsegmental airways. At 1 o’clock,\ is a cross section of the lungs showing some of the segments of the lung. At 5o’clock a cross section shows the arteries and veins of the lungs. At 7o’clock the drawing shows the pleura and pleural space of the lungs. At 9o’clock, a coronal reformat of the tracheobronchial tree shows the lymph node stations of the lungs. At 11 o’clock is the golden alveolus, the epicentral unit where gas exchange takes place Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net lungs-0696-lo res The Secondary Lobule The Secondary Lobule The secondary lobule is subtended by the lobular arteriole (a) and the lobular bronchiole (b) which which in turn branches into the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and nd alveolar sacs (c) The acinus (d) consists of a respiratory bronchiole and its associated alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli and represents the functional unit of the lung. The secondary lobule is drained by the pulmonary venule (e) which runs in the interlobular septum also containing the lymphatics (f). The whole unit is housed and surrounded by a connective tissue framework (g) . The latter 3 structures form the interlobular septum. Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net 0751 -lo resL The Microscopic Units that Make the Whole Functional Unit – Alveolus Alveolus Parts and Bonds Ashley Davidoff MD The Organelles That Make the Cell Macrophage Ashley Davidoff MD In the World of Medicine and Radiology During life, the units are in a state of health (order) or disease (disorder), or somewhere in between. It is our function to identify disorder , and help bring disorder back to health. Thumbs Up, Thumbs Down or Somewhere in Between Flux between order and disorder and health and disease Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net order disorder-0002 In the for example the imaging difference between healthy lungs and emphysematous lungs Normal and Emphysema The imaging difference between healthy lungs (thumbs up) and emphysematous lungs (thumbs down) Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVeein.net lungs-0071-low-res THE LUNGS AND THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE Overview of the Anatomy of the Image a shows the airways starting in the trachea and continuing to the mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and subsegmental bronchi,. The subsegmental bronchi have 3 subsequent generations until the bronchiole is reached. The terminal bronchiole is the last of the transporting airways and is considered the most proximal small airway with a diameter of 2mm or less, and it gives rise to the respiratory bronchiole which is the feeding airway for the acinus . The acinus is the functional unit of the lung. Image b is a 3D reconstruction of a CT scan showing the proximal airways from the trachea to the segmental airways. Image c shows the structures that make up the acinus and the other parts of the small airways, starting with the respiratory bronchiole (rb) . The diagram in d, shows the detail of the small airways that participate in gas exchange, including the respiratory bronchiole, (rb) alveolar duct, (ad) and alveolar sac (as) Image e shows the secondary lobule made from about 20-30 acini, arising from a single lobular bronchiole accompanied by a single pulmonary arteriole (pa).. Structure that surround and enclose the secondary lobule include the pulmonary venule, (red) lymphatics,(yellow) and a fibrous septum (pink). Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein.net lungs-0739 This collage reflects the range of the respiratory system from the macroscopic and anatomic to the microscopic – a continuum of structure. Image 2 is a post-mortem specimen taken from the front and slightly above. It shows the trachea and bronchi supplying the two lungs above, with the aortic arch and cardiac structures in the middle and below. Note how pink the lungs are in this specimen from an unfortunate baby with congenital heart disease. Image 3, the chest X-ray, shows the lucent lungs within the thoracic cavity while image 4 is a diagram of the trilobed right lung and the bilobed left lung. Two respiratory units of the lung are shown in the next image each called a pulmonary lobule (5). The lobule consists of a central bronchiole (light blue) and pulmonary arteriole (dark blue), surrounded by the air filled acinus (teal) with its peripheral venules. (red) The acinus is magnified in the next image (6), showing first the tubular terminal bronchiole branching into the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and finally the grape like alveoli. The organization of the connective tissues of the lung is shown in image 7. Finally we get down to the grapes or alveoli of the lung with surrounding vessels (8), and a single alveolus is seen in 9. It seems a long way for the air to travel but the system can deliver the air to and from the outside in a single breath, and exchange the gases at the capillary level even more rapidly. It is a remarkable system. 42651c keywords lung chest Ashley Davidoff TheCommonVein.net Large Airways and Small Airways Overview of the Anatomy of the Large Airways and Small Airways This image shows the division of the airways in the lungs classified as large airways and small airways. A large airway is considered any airway larger than 2mm, and therefore includes all the airways involved with transport of air except for the terminal bronchiole. Included as seen in image a, are the trachea, mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi segmental and subsegmental airways and the 3 subsequent divisions of subsegmental bronchi and bronchioles till the last transporting airway – the respiratory bronchiole which is usually about 2mm and is considered a small airway Image (a) shows the airways starting in the trachea and continuing to the mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and subsegmental bronchi. Image b shows the structures that make up the small airways starting with the terminal bronchiole (tb) followed by the respiratory bronchiole (rb) alveolar duct, (ad) and alveolar sacs (as) Image (c) shows the histologic makeup of the large airways that include a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus secreting goblet cells...